This review has focused on the biochemical actions of CBD in neural cells at the cell-culture level in order to provide an overview of the research efforts for a molecular level, mechanistic understanding of how CBD affects the neural-cell behaviors under normal and pathological conditions (Table 4). Discussion has been made, separately, for each cell type—neurons, microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neural stem cells. As for primary neurons, CBD has been reported to exhibit protective ability, assisting in the prevention of massive neuronal death, by being involved in a series of cell-death processes and the normalization of neuronal functions. CBD also shows therapeutic potential for neurological diseases by targeting glial cells, as indicated by its inhibitory action against gliosis/inflammation that might accelerate neuronal degeneration and exacerbate the progression of neurological diseases, in addition to its protective action for neuro-beneficial cells (e.g., oligodendrocyte progenitor cells) against pathogens. Moreover, CBD has been found to support the survival of newborn neural cells, intensify neural progenitor cells, and expedite neuronal differentiation, showing the therapeutic possibility of CBD in NSC therapy.